Authored in about 345–300 BCE by Vishnusharma, the Panchatantra has long been considered one of India’s invaluable giftsto the world. Its creation is the stuff of legend: in an effort to expedite the education of his three unschooled sons, the wise KingAmarashakti of Mahilaropya sought out the octogenarian scholar Vishnusharma, who was known for his inventive teachingmethods. Vishnusharma not only accepted the task of educating the princes but also said that he would accomplish it in sixmonths. The Nitishastra he used to teach the princes was one he composed specifically for the purpose and this was called the Panchatantra—five treatises.

‘Mitra Bheda’ (breach of friendship), the longest of the sections, is framed around the deep friendship between a lion, Pingalaka,and a bull, Sanjivaka, and narrates how they are turned against each other, raising the question: can two animals who are naturalenemies ever be friends? The second tantra, ‘Mitra Samprapti’ (acquisition of friends), relates how a crow, mouse, tortoise, anddeer become friends, and shows how friendship between the small and powerless is beneficial to all involved. ‘Kakolukiyam’ (ofcrows and owls), the third tantra, is a narrative that draws from Kautilya’s six-fold state policy, which is woven into the tantra’s frame story that describes a vendetta between crows and owls. The fourth tantra, ‘Labdha Pranasham’ (loss of acquired gains), iscentred around the well-known tale of a crocodile’s treasured friendship with a monkey and how he loses it when his wife developsa hankering for the monkey’s heart. ‘Aparikshita Karakam’ (impetuous actions), the last tantra, is unique for its focus on humancharacters. The framing tale is about a barber who, under a misconception, assaults monks, rashly assuming that this will bringhim gold. It makes the case that reckless actions, especially when they are triggered by greed, end in failure and grief.

The sixty-nine stories in the Panchatantra cut a wide swathe, depicting as large a slice of life as possible. The cast of charactersconsists of lions, tigers, wolves, cats, tortoises, monkeys, deer, hares, snakes; crows, cranes, and various other birds; and watercreatures, such as fish and crabs. There are also some humans, such as weavers and barbers, fowlers and hunters, as well as wealthymerchants, and ministers, kings, and, along with these, a smattering of priests. While in recent times it has been largely treatedas children’s literature, the Panchatantra is a timeless book of wisdom for all ages, filled with tales laced with insight, cogentwitticisms, and lessons about living. In this retelling of the ancient text, Meena Arora Nayak creates a work that is lucid, fluent,and engaging, while keeping the essence of its magnificence intact.

Publisher: Aleph Book Company

Author: Meena Arora Nayak

Pages: 416

ISBN: 9789393852199

Publication Date: 05 April 2023